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Anthony’s NotesA personal field guide
From the notebook

Debate University Course

Debate as a Weapon

  • Talk about how you debate because you can’t be violent in our current society.
  • Either-or fallacy
  • Impact culture
  • Weaponize your views
  • Ability to identify people’s belief systems and relate to them better

Parts of a Debate

  • Informal vs. Formal
  • Informal is what’s talked about here
  1. Proposition: What are we debating?
  2. Opening Statement: Give your position’s argument
  3. Body of Debate: Open dialogue, where the judo happens
  4. Closing Statement
  5. Aftermath

Proposition

Opening Statement

  • Overview
    • Addressing topic
    • Why its important and cared about
    • Addressing and refuting opponents position
    • Summary of positive position
    • Rhetorical flourish: Show absurdity of opponents position
    • Natural cadence
    • Practicing opening statement
    • Research opponents
      • Quotes
    • Know the common arguments against your position
    • Read opponents materials, influences
    • Predicting opponents opening statement if going first is powerful
  • Etiquette
    • Thank whoever has the platform hosting the debate
    • Thank audience
    • Thank opponent
    • It matters
  • Substance
    • Framing the rest of the debate
    • Tell them why are we here, state position first
    • Body of opening statement
    • Move to what the opponent believes on the topic of the debate, frame out those arguments and show how your argument is better
    • Transition phase
      • Away from arguments, “This is why its clear and obvious…I laid out the arguments as to why…this is exactly what my opponent will say as far as their arguments go…I’ve anticipated them and I’m ready to take each one of them on point by point and lets get into this debate ”
    • Steps
        1. Why are we here
        1. Argument body
        1. Anticipation of Opponents Arguments
        1. Transition
  • Style & Delivery
    • Don’t emulate others, be you
    • Focus on your own style, your own style of delivery
  • Winning
    • Key: Job is to predict exactly what opponent will say before they say it and refuting it
    • Leaves opponent to reframe, strawman, or move goal posts; keep their feet to the fire
    • Rest of debate they spend fighting a position they have but has already been defeated

Open Discussion

  • Do Dirty Tricks, because they’ll do it to you
  • Embrace Discomfort
    • Opposition will give signs of discomfort so you’ll move away from your argument
    • Dealing with cognitive dissonance is a hard thing
    • Job is not show mercy
    • Your job is to demonstrate your world view and destroy theirs
    • Women will signal their uncomfortable to turn men into simps
    • Who cares if they feel upset? Not for you to worry about
    • Don’t worry about making the opposition feel uncomfortable, thats your job to make them feel uncomfortable.
  • Questions
    • Put them on their heels
    • Pepper them with unique, not obvious, poignant, concise questions
    • Question can leading, let them respond how you know they will, and have questions down that road
    • Have a series of questions, they are not expecting, ready
    • Make them look discombobulated.
  • Crowd Control
    • Key to control
    • Idea of “all of them against you” — have them agree to one argument at a time
    • Don’t be afraid to Insert yourself
    • Start with 1 v 1
    • Want the focus to center on you and your points
    • Rhetoric more important than logic
    • Bring order to the chaos, people will listen to you more
    • “Remember you always agreed on one at a time” if they interrupt
    • If its chaotic, if your calm you look good
    • Overly vicious to get all attention to you
  • Counters
    • Counter the Gish Gallop
      • “Look I want to engage with every point you’ve made, can we do them one at a time?”
        • Renders tactic moot
        • If one point is eviscerated, the rest of the gish gallop looks bad, like dominos
    • Holding them to the question
      • Even uncomfortable, will upset them
      • “Don’t ask me a question, answer my question”
      • May have to be combative with moderator
      • “That’s nice, I would not like to move on”
      • Reason their avoiding or obfuscating
      • Optical win
  • Tie-Back & Tie-Forward
    • Tie-Forward
      • Prediction
      • When that prediction comes to fruition, use tie-back
    • Categorize things they’ve said for future use
    • Show that you were right with your previous prediction and their doing the opposite now
    • Video
      • Tie-Back Debate Unversity.mp4 (file not included in this release)
  • Tactical Insults
    • Don’t be the first, but hit back harder
    • “Now can be get back to the debate”
  • Shutting Down
    • Optical win
    • Don’t sperg to match; become stoic
    • Make them sperg harder
    • If their shutting down; push harder
  • Villainization
    • When people can successfully villianize you—its a justification for them to do horrible things to you
    • Don’t allow this to happen to you and don’t let it happen to yourself
    • Laziest way to argue
    • Politics of personal destruction
    • Will destroy your credibility if you go after people personally
    • Turn the other cheek and walk away
  • Internal Critique
    • Accepting a proposition worldview and showing it leads to denying parts of their world view, contradiction, or reduces to absurdity
    • Example: “Everything is relative, you just do you” — “That statement would have to be relative” thats a contradiction
  • Mitigating the Damage (Losing the Debate)
    • For the sake of argument clause
      • Direct question asked, you say “Lets just say for the sake of argument, they should”
        • You didn’t really answer the question; didn’t actually give a position
    • Obfuscation
      • Unclear to not be understood
      • “Were not talking about…”
    • Rephrase Concession
      • “Do you agree that its better for a kid to have two homosexual parents instead of living in an orphanage?”
        • “I will concede that there are some situations even if their not optimal which would be better for kids even though their not whats optimal.”
        • Said yes without saying yes, left it open to interpretation; concession with conceding
        • Problem optically if you try to pin them down since they’ll say “I already answered this question”
    • Vague Fallacies
      • “I think this is a fallacious argument” without it actually being fallacious
    • Move the Goal Posts
      • Hard to see a subtle post move
      • “I have to go back to something you said earlier” when what you’re going back to is isn’t necessarily related yet it shifts the conversation
    • What if you are in shock/sperging/shutting down?
      • Cool down
      • Bathroom break
      • Still way better even if its called out

Conceding Points

  • Beneficial to concede points
  • Points that don’t undermine your position
  • Takes away points that would waste time debating, rather getting to the fundamental problems that’ll collapse their whole argument
  • Even in hypotheticals, concede the hypothetical, then lead down the logical path and prove the conclusion incorrect

What Makes a Good Question

  • Direct opponent to what refutations you want to attack
  • Finding their foundations of their thinking
  • For opponent to give concise answer to
  • Direct flow of conversation what what you want to refute
  • Question itself is non-sensical
    • Against your worldview
    • Call them out and then explain your position
  • Loaded Questions
    • “No I didn’t say that, my position is..”
    • Assumption first, and asking a question on top of the assumption
    • Established truth within the question you didn’t accept
    • Effective Way to Counter:
      • “Ok I’ll make a deal with you, I’ll answer that question if you promise to answer my next question”
      • “Nobody hurt me, that’s a loaded question”
      • Q: “If you had to have sex with a 6 year old or a 7 year old, which one would you choose”
      • Hit the cheap tactic back
      • Best way is to point out that its a loaded question

Closing Statement

  • Keep it brief
  • Shouldn’t write it prior to debate, off the cuff and from events of debate
    1. Show how opponents arguments were successfully refuted by you
    1. All the things you argued which were right
    1. Strong outro; summarization of debate
    • highlight the problems with opponent, how they didn’t do good
    • Thank everyone

What Winning Looks Like

  • Losing a debate is winning
    • Shows you what you did wrong
    • Debates are about worldviews colliding, you’re trying to find what’s true
    • Cognitive dissonance is painful
    • Thank them for making you better
    • Your going to be wrong a lot
    • Abandon worldview if incorrect immediately
    • Be ready to lose a lot
  • What Winning Means

Aftermath

  • Positive or negatively? Always an aftermath.
  • Drop a DM and say, “I know that got contiguous but I appreciate your time and hope nextime it wont be so contiguous.”
  • If their upset; you can lean into it
  • If someone is poking prodding after debate, ignore it
  • Keep a relationship if possible
  • Still better to keep relationships even if it was the worst, hateful; its all how you deal with the aftermath
  • Swallow your pride; call them if personal relationships. Want to keep relationships open
  • Remember; the more times you have a discussion or argumentation you can wear them down.

Audience

  • Outlier: Insults an opponents audience
  • How can I deliver my argument so the audience in general can understand?
  • Audience is the target; but don’t address them directly 9/10 times
  • Dont let things hang in the air, challenge them immediately

Rhetoric

  • Overview
    • Extremely important
    • More important than good sound logic
    • You can persuade people without arguments, logic
    • Really Art of Persuasion
    • If you can persuade someone that you’re telling you what you think is good for you
    • Even if delivering bad news, persuading that its good their telling you that
    • You can convince people of terrible ideas with good rhetoric
    • “Its obvious” — one of the worst things you can say
    • Appealing to the emotions
    • I hear you, I believe you, you matter
    • Rhetoric + Logic = Powerhouse
    • Match emotional appeals and then put the logic on top of it
  • Pacing
    • Tempo of back and forth
    • Speed of which you talk
      • Talking too fast can cause anxiety; not persuasive
    • Opponents ability to respond
      • allowing them to stumble
    • If person talks slow; benefits to increase pace
      • Inject “I dont need a novel” kind of objection
      • Don’t let them lull you into their story
    • Based on opponent and how you feel
    • New debaters will get caught in too short of intervals; feeling you need to move quicker
    • When you question your opponent; increase the pace and interject
      • When your questioned, slow down—Clearly, confidently, calmly
    • Put them on the back foot; attack plan
      • Increase pace
      • Get them to have to quickly respond
        • Less time to respond, pinning them on one position
    • Good to slow pace down yourself for audience for your position and increase pace on your opponent
  • Aristotle
    • Only three methods to communicate: Ethos, pathos, logos (most arguments foundation)
    • Attacking opponents immorality after logical arguments if at point of debate character is in question
    • Emotion oriented rhetoric
      • Nullify with argument with logic, emotion or rhetoric

Charisma

  • Powerful
  • Power to persuade

Art of the Spectacle

  • Don’t be the clown
  • You want to be spectacular, and create a spectacle, without being the clown
  • The joke maker, not the butt of the joke
  • When people are having fun, it assists with your rhetoric
  • Examples
    • Bits and skits
    • Facial expressions
      • Drawing them to you when the others are talking
      • Eyes wide
      • Confused look
      • Over-emphasis is to draw attention to you
      • Convey what the audience thinks
  • Don’t be dull; be fun
  • Don’t be over the top
  • Don’t do gimmicks
  • Poke fun at yourself
  • Don’t take yourself too seriously

Feasing

  • Stop you from sperging
  • When you become obsessed with the people that hate you; you’ve lost.
  • Takes 5 times to correct a lie
  • They just want you to react

How to Deal with Haters

  • Don’t let them dictate what you do
  • Don’t be consumed to responding to haters
  • Sometimes you have to ban people that are causing troubles in your community, and keep those that disagree, just not causing issues

Philosophy and Logic

  • Law of Identity
    • A thing must be itself and not a thing that it isn’t
    • Example:
      • A man can only be the characteristic that a man is; everything else is excluded
      • Can’t be a rock or a sock
      • “A man was a floating cloud of gas”
        • Can’t be a man because it doesn’t hold the same characteristics
  • Law of Non-Contradiction
    • A can’t be not A
    • Pregnant woman can also not pregnant
    • A negating the A
  • Law of Excluded Middle
    • All proposition are either true or false
  • Cost of Contradiction
    • Affirming and denying a proposition in the same statement
    • Destroys the possibilities of true and false
    • Call it out
  • Inference
    • Educated guess
    • From some kind of data
    • Sense data
    • Doesn’t mean its wrong or true
    • All informal debating is based on inference
    • How we mostly live our lives
  • Defining Terms
    • Epistemology
      • Study of knowledge
      • How do we know something is true
      • Find how your opponents epistemological view of the world Epistemology > Most Common Types
      • Empiricism
        • Sense data
        • Against religion
        • Counter: Their very position doesn’t appear in sense data
      • Fallacious: If anything can count as knowledge, it turns into relativism
        • If the justification is so weak, “I just experience this” — “Well I experience that I am right”
    • Ontology
      • Study of being
      • Underlying substance, nature of something
      • What unifies
      • Platonic realism
      • A rock would have the ontology of a rock
    • Metaphysics
      • Tying epistemology and ontology
      • How we come to know causation, logic, language
      • Ontology reality of world: Negate or subscribe to universals
      • First principle tools of how we know anything in the world
      • Without metaphysics lead to relativism
        • Nothing unifies
        • Can’t make universal truth claims
    • Teleology
      • Study of the end/purpose
    • Eschatology
      • Religious
      • End times
    • Tautology
      • 99% in debates would be fallacious in a debate
      • Analytically true that doesn’t tell you about the thing itself
      • Law of Identity
        • A is A: Doesn’t tell you what that thing is
      • Fallacious
        • Good is good
          • Without a deeper epistemology to differentiate between good and bad
    • Justifications
      • reasons to believe and justifications of your claim
      • Fallacious: If you can claim anything can be the claim
  • What is a Worldview
    • Everybody has a lens they see the world
    • People will want you to focus on the details of their views instead of the foundation
    • Everything starts at the foundation
    • Make sure your foundation is strong or you will fail an internal critique
  • Bucketing (trees) Worldviews
    • Looking at the starting points of worldviews and how to refute them
    • Questions to internal critique their worldview
    • Getting to their foundational worldview so you can critique the rest of their positions
    • Finding where their perceptions are coming from
    • If these foundations are broken, none of the rest of their world views matter
    • Don’t strawman
  • Utilizing Worldviews
    • Referred to as a paradigm in philosophy
      • Metaphysics, epistemology, ethics
    • Latrice of presuppositions
      • Objective or subjective morality, truth
      • How does metaphysics relate and come back to reality
    • Everyone has a worldview
    • Only so many worldviews you can have
    • Epistemology: Can (empirical science) or can’t make truth claims
    • Ethics/Morality: Social construction or objective
    • Metaphysics universals:
    • Understanding this allows you to debate anyone, you don’t need to know everything, just their foundation
  • First Principles
    • Tainted by first enlightenment thinkers
    • Starting points that don’t need to be justified
      • Ok in mathematics
    • Outside of any prescriptions
    • Classical foundationalism
      • Axiomatic: Means you don’t need to justify them
      • Problem: If you say X Y Z thing are axiomatic, you can say A B C are axiomatic and I don’t need to justify them
        • If they say thats not a axiom that moves them back to saying axiom’s have criteria
    • Starting points (Metaphysical)
  • Logic Monism (The Three Laws)
    • There is only one kind of logic
    • Hegelian logic is different; but most people have the same normal logic
    • Andrew Wilson’s Worldview: One God, One Nature, One Logic
  • Platonic vs. Aristotelian
    • Platonic (Inductive Logic)
      • a priori: non-observable starting point on ideal forms
      • What is more real, category of dog or actual dog you see?
        • Its the category of dog: Dog nature, dog substance
      • His system deduces from a priori assumptions
    • Aristotelian (Deductive Logic)
      • Begin with observation
      • Specific dog and using induction, deduce to larger categories
  • Ethics
    • Applied
      • How we should act in specific circumstances
    • Normative
      • How ethics are applied and applying it correctly
    • Meta-ethics
      • Layer above
      • Watching execution
      • Looking at entire domain

Logical Fallacies

  • What is a Fallacy?
    • Faulty rationality
  • Memorizing Fallacies
    • Memorize 7
  • Ad Hominem
    • Against the person
    • Not just an insult
    • Discrediting argument by insulting or ignoring the argument
  • Appeal to Authority
    • When authority is not the position of knowing or arbiter of truth in that domain
    • Often in prescriptions for medical, economic, philosophy views
    • Correct: Citing an authority as support, not ultimate truth
  • Argument from Incredulity
    • I find that hard to believe without supporting evidence
    • Connecting finding something hard to believe with how true it is
  • Bandwagon
    • Enough people agree with me so its true
  • Cherry Picking
    • Informal fallacy 
    • Lots in theological debates
  • Circular Arguments
    • A to B to A 
  • Continuum
    • If you can’t spot the Continuation of a thing then this means they are the same thing
    • Where does one end and one begin?
    • You don’t need to know the exact delineation of something to know how their different
    • “We have a star in a solar system called the Sun, all stars are not suns, however all suns are stars.” 
  • False Dilemma
    • Law of excluded middle
    • Can’t be a grey area between a true and false claim
    • It is or it isn’t
  • Genetic Fallacy
    • Common
    • Claims the argument is wrong due to origin it comes from
    • No connection between the claim and the truth of the claim
  • Gish Gallop
    • Make so many points at one time that they can’t respond to them all
  • No True Scotsman
    • We no true X Y Z will believe this or that
  • Red Herring
    • Shift focus to irrelevant part of debate
    • Not about the proposition at hand
    • Often when their losing the debate
  • Slippery Slope
    • This course of action will lead to that thing
    • Claims have not been accounted for
  • Strawman
    • Arguing against a position the opponent does not hold
    • Counter: “Got to cut you off, I don’t hold that view”
    • Ask question to not strawman
    • You never want to commit, you want to knock down their strongest argument
    • Stop it as soon as it starts
  • Sunk-Cost
    • Since I put so much time into something, I’m not going to stop now.
  • Fallacy Fallacy
    • Just because someone used improper thinking and fallacious reasoning therefore conclusion must be false
    • People will be slimy with this
      • “You need to demonstrate now that it’s correct”
    • Just means the argument is fallacious
    • Common in ad hominem’s
  • Tu Quoque
    • You too fallacy
    • “Yeah but you too!”
  • Word-Concept Fallacy
    • Uses word and associates their concept, their definition of that word to your usage of it without defining it

Taking a Position

  • Positive
    • Two people have a positive position in a debate
  • Negative
    • Two people have a negative position in a debate
  • Neutral
    • Easiest to defend
    • Not making or attacking a claim
    • Pure socratic method to attack
  • The person that makes a claim first, they have to defend it first
  • People are rarely called out for not defending their claims

Opposition Research

  • Most important thing to do
  • Focus on the things they have said
  • Listening
  • “I remain unconvinced is not an argument”
  • People will use the same arguments over and over
  • Job is refute a couple key points and arguments they use
  • Whats their tone?
  • What type of rhetoric?
  • What type of logic? Philosophy? Intuitive?
  • Aggressive? Mild?
  • Mild
    • Up the energy just enough
  • Dont slander unless they do it
  • Citing Their Own Sources
    • Sources from side of debate’s own sources, that they’d use to support their argument and show how it supports your argument in fact
    • Books, science, people that those people reference; use it against them
    • You appear more educated and reasonable
    • Use their own authorities against them

Slimy Leftist Tactics

  • Two Annoying Moves
    • Ignoring your argument
      • Talk to the audience
    • False Expertise
      • Demonstrate you know the thing they claim to know about
  • Pseudo-Intellectuals
    • Indicator: Someone that speaks to sound intelligent, not speak to be understood
      • “No I dont know what that means”
    • “Can you speak in more layman terms?”
    • They will always try to obfuscate and never get to substance

Debate Moderation

  • Always have a moderator if you can
  • Good moderator will stop to redirect debate
  • Bad moderation
    • is a moderator sitting there doing nothing
    • Can’t follow conversation, doesn’t understand
  • Control conversation flow to stay on topic
  • Notes to provide clarification
  • Not afraid of reprimands of debaters or audience
  • Creates sense of comfort: Tough but fair

Applying Debate Skills in Real Life

  • Without alienating people
  • Realize you don’t have an audience
  • More a chance to change their mind
  • Rhetoric playful, amicable, amenable
  • Dont want them to lock up; unlike audience debates
  • Calm, relaxed, give space
  • “I’m happy to talk about this and not get super combative, spoil our relationship”
  • “I’m not trying to spoil your day”
  • Gently
  • Playing long game
  • It’s not about the argument, its about the person

Community Management

  • Best Practices and Pitfalls
    • Setting clear goals and guidelines
    • Not good if too ironclad or too loose
    • Trustworthy people to moderate
      • clear cut permitters
  • Building An Audience
    • Be authentic
    • Don’t be a mock version of somebody else

Relationships

  • Focus on
  • Don’t go into every debate to annihilable and then alienate them and their audience
  • Ending on a cordial note
  • Less about resume and more about who you know
  • Build friendships

Improving Your Skills

  • Writing out your own ideas
    • Opening Statement
    • Reread; Edit edit edit; make it tighter and tighter
  • Engage, get into debates