Cross → Qing extermination of the Zunghars — the 1755–58 campaign behind this timeline entry, verified against Perdue pp. 282–87 and Millward p. 94.
- Qing Dynasty: The Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) began to assert control over Xinjiang in the 18th century. After a series of military campaigns, the Qing formally incorporated Xinjiang into its empire in 1884 as a province, following the defeat of the Dzungar Khanate and the pacification of local Muslim rebellions.
- Colonial Policies: The Qing implemented policies to integrate Xinjiang, including military garrisons, settlement of Han Chinese, and promotion of agriculture. Despite these efforts, the region remained culturally and ethnically diverse, with significant Uyghur, Kazakh, and other Central Asian populations.