Atul Gawande is a world-renowned surgeon, public health researcher, and writer for The New Yorker This transcript explores his unique “production function”—how he balances a demanding surgical career with high-level literary output—and his philosophy on medicine and aging.
1. Career Philosophy: The “40 Rule”
Gawande attributes his success to a specific approach to time and opportunity:
- Before Age 40 (The “Yes” Phase): Say yes to everything. This period is for experimentation, discovering what energizes you, and finding your strengths. Gawande worked in labs, played in a band, worked in government, and started writing.
- After Age 40 (The “No” Phase): Once you identify the three or four things you truly care about, say no to everything else. For Gawande, those pillars are surgery, public health/policy, and writing.
His book on the same underlying problem → Checklist Manifesto - Atul Gawande
Same author, and the through-line is sharper than the interview makes it look. The Checklist Manifesto argues that professional failure usually comes not from ignorance but from the inability to consistently apply what we already know — experts skip simple steps under pressure. The checklist is a cognitive safety net that frees attention for the hard part rather than a substitute for expertise.
That is the same claim as §2 below, applied to writing instead of surgery: 30 hours a month, 2,000 words a week, 22 rewrites of one article. Consistency over intensity, systematised so it doesn’t depend on the day’s willpower.
His end-of-life work discussed in §4 is Being Mortal, a third book not yet noted in the vault.
2. The Discipline of Writing
Despite being a surgeon, Gawande taught himself to write through rigorous discipline rather than natural talent
- The “Energy” Metric: He writes because it provides him with energy rather than exhausting him.
- Consistency over Intensity: During his residency, he aimed for 30 hours of writing per month (roughly one hour a day).
- The Math Problem: When writing a book, he treats it as a calculation: a -word book requires roughly words per week to stay on track.
- The Power of Rewriting: He famously did 22 rewrites for his first New Yorker article. He views the first draft as “painful” but finds joy in the revision process, where the “clay is wet” and can be shaped.
3. Narrative Strategy & Voice
Gawande describes the specific “New Yorker” style as a blend of crisp, clear sentences and a distinct, authoritative voice.
- The “GoPro” Technique: His editors taught him to write as if he has a camera attached to his head—showing the reader exactly what is happening in the operating room rather than just explaining data.
- Entry Points: A successful piece requires both a vehicle (a compelling story or person) and a larger frame of meaning (philosophy or a mental model).
- Visual Language: He uses precise medical terminology (e.g., “white enamel of the teeth”) rather than “kitty words” to maintain authority while ensuring the imagery is visual and accessible.
4. Medical Philosophy: Being Mortal
A significant portion of the discussion focuses on Gawande’s work regarding end-of-life care and the shortcomings of modern medicine.
| Traditional Medical Goal | Gawande’s Goal (Being Mortal) |
|---|---|
| Living as long as possible at any cost. | Ensuring a “good life to the very end.” |
| Focusing solely on safety and biology. | Focusing on a person’s specific priorities. |
| Making decisions for the patient. | Asking the patient what makes life worth living. |
“People have goals in their life besides just living longer… The most effective way to know what people’s priorities are is to ask them. And we don’t ask.”
5. Technology and AI in Writing
Gawande views AI as a powerful but flawed research assistant:
- Research Acceleration: AI helped him condense three months of library research into two weeks for his upcoming book on how minds change.
- The Hallucination Guardrail: He warns never to trust AI for quotes, noting that it frequently invents them.
- Editing Fat: He uses AI to help find “fat” in his prose or to see how different platforms would truncate a long speech, though he notes that AI often lacks the “taste” to keep the best anecdotes.
Your Next Step
Since you are interested in Gawande’s writing process, would you like me to create a summary of his specific “Checklist” method for improving outcomes, or perhaps a breakdown of his advice for starting a “Rough Draft Club” to get feedback on your own writing?
Content
Transcript
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Atulawande has written four books and countless articles for the New Yorker. When you think about doctors who write
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well, he’s going to be the first person who comes to mind. What’s unique about him is that this isn’t something that
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came naturally to him. The work of research, writing, editing, shaping sentences, telling stories. Those are
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all things that he taught himself. He’s a surgeon. So intense, so demanding, and
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he’s still been able to write as much as he has. How has he done it? What has the discipline of writing for him been?
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That’s what this episode is all about. Okay, let me show you this new tool that
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I’ve been using to write called Sublime. And they’re the sponsor of this episode. And what I’m going to do is I’m going to show you how I use Sublime to write this
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post on X, which got almost a million impressions. So, it started off with the basic note-taking stuff. I was just
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throwing notes in, but it’s the stuff that came after that was really unique. That’s what makes Sublime special.
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You’ll see here that I had this mind map and that allowed me to begin to see connections that weren’t even there. And
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I was blown away by this. And then it didn’t just end there. Sublime has this save one discover 100 feature where you
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can just put in a piece of information and all of a sudden it just starts recommending things. It’s like having a
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research assistant that actually has good taste. And these are put in there by actual human beings. And so now I had
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the mind map. I had all the related ideas and I really started to think about how am I actually going to structure this piece and Sublime helped
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me see parts of my structure that I didn’t even realize were there to see how ideas were actually connected. See,
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the promo code PL and they’ll give you 20% off. All right, let’s get to the episode.
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You got to tell me. So, how describe your sort of as Tyler Ken would call it
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the Atul Gawande production function like you have just done so many things. It might have been the thing that
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surprised me the most in the prep is all the different sorts of things that you’ve done and how have you
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persistently marched forward as a writer. Um but then also in building your career there’s just a sense of
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discipline and dedication over many decades. Well um a friend of mine said uh that
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the advice he often gives is and I realize this is what I’ve done all my whole whole life. Um say yes to
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everything before you’re 40 and say no to everything after you’re 40. So by that he meant um before you’re 40
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you don’t know what you’re good at. you don’t know what you’re energized by and the world is changing like when I graduated from college there wasn’t you
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know the the internet wasn’t a thing um in like like it would become you know
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fortunes made uh over it and and jobs that many people have today you know
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simply don’t didn’t exist it’s not like you train for them so um trying lots of
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things that you know you’re curious about or potentially interested in um
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allows you to figure out if you pay attention, oh here’s what you know the parts of it I’m energized by here are
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the parts of it that exhaust me and uh and so I and then just maximize for your
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energy and that’s what I was doing. So, I worked on the Hill. I had a band. I
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worked in some labs. I um you know, started writing for my friend, you know,
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his his internet magazine. I I went into an operating room and was blown away.
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And uh and I pieced it together and I found there were three things I ended up doing that did not make any sense. Um I
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was learning how to do surgery. I had this long-standing interest in policy
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and and public affairs that ended up focusing on um advancing health for the
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overall population, public health and and health systems. And I found writing
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and they um and the theme that emerged. So by the time you’re 40, you should
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know those things. What are those things for you? And after that, you say no to
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everything else because now the bet you can make is I can work at these things for a long time and know that I’d care
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about them. Mhm. And so now that I’m 60, I’ve had three decades of a fascination and I’d say an
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obsession with um seeing the seeing humanity through the eye through the eye
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of health, the science, the art, the practice, the expertise, the experience
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of being a a person in the world where we’ve discovered how to double human lifespan.
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But we can’t, we haven’t learned how to make it available to everybody, how to deliver it reliably, um, uh, how to make
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it affordable to societies, uh, how to help people navigate their way through getting the pieces of it you need and
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dealing with its complications and and its and its impact. And so, you know, it
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might be different things I’ve been doing, but they’re all they’re all illuminating something new, at least for
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me. um whether it was uh my surgery practice, the work I did in government
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and public health, you know, I started 25 years ago, researching how can we
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improve outcomes at population scale and surgery, got this work with checklists
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and systems to replace, you know, systems that were mainly about improving through punishment and training to now,
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you know, how do uh build for systems that can help uh
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make it easier for people to do the right thing and harder for people to do the wrong thing. And uh and so the net
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result has been it can look like I’ve been all over the place. I got to ask like why would a surgeon
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write, you know, it seems so it seems so separate and it probably doesn’t seem like the most financially prudent way to
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spend your time, but there’s definitely something deeper. you take this craft very seriously.
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Well, I came to medicine very naturally. I did not come to writing very naturally. I wasn’t born a writer by any
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means. So, um it was after I was uh in surgery, a friend of mine started an
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internet magazine. Um and he it was Slate magazine at that time.
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Slate. Okay. So, it was 1996 Netscape Navigator days. and he was not getting, you know, paid
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journalists to come and write for something that was a shot in the dark.
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Um, and so he’d ask his friends, could you write? And uh, and so I started
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writing small pieces for him. These were like diaries, right? Yeah. The very first thing I did was
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just a just a diary, you know, like um he’d gotten they’d gotten Beck to do one
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and so that uh and he did an amazing one and I thought and then he asked me if I’d do one from just being on on surgery
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duty as a uh as a secondyear resident in surgical training and um and so that was
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you know almost stream of consciousness um just taking notes at the end of the
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day firing it you know, we didn’t have a word for what it was then. It was essentially a blog.
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Um, and then he asked me to do some more pieces and that became an outlet for me.
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What I noticed about it was that um I was getting home from, you know, my day
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in residency and making time, making an hour and a half, couple hours to be
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researching a piece or to be writing. And that was just a signal to me that it was I was finding energy instead of
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exhaustion from doing it. I, you know, my first pieces were not that good.
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There’s lots embarrassing about them. The metaphors were overroought and clashed and all of those kinds of
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things. But I was but I learned every step of the way. Like um you know my
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friend uh his name is Jake Weissberg um would tell me, “All right, this is what
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you’re doing well. This is what you’re not doing well.” He was like an editor of sorts. He was being an editor. Cool. Yeah. And so and and then would say, you
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know, do more of the first, do less of the second, and then he’d hand it back to me and I’d say, what’s this for? He
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said, you know, to to rewrite. I’d never rewritten a thing in college. Like I’d
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never heard of it. Like who rewrites anything? And that’s, you know, was the
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opening into, you know, when I got a couple years later a chance to write for The New Yorker, that was 22 rewrites.
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And, you know, I I had to I built up some tolerance for the process. 22 rewrites was the first New Yorker
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post that you wrote. Yeah. For the first New Yorker piece, about 4,000 words was uh had 22 back and
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forths, five complete rewrites. I thought it would be a couple month thing. It ended up being nine months,
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but I, you know, it just kept getting better. Did you want to slap the editor in the face or were you like, I respect this.
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So, every time filled me with anxiety because I was like, okay, I’m done. I’ve
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got my surgical training to do. Um, and and so this is great. And then he’d come
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back and say, well, there’s a little more of this or a little more that. How about adding, you
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know, I want to see. I got to see, but every time I was learning something new that was making it significantly better.
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So, I couldn’t really object. I, you know, I wanted to tear my hair out, but it was more that he kept finding stuff
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that that could make it better. You know, it’s crazy and this one of going to be one of the themes of the
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conversation is when you talk to people who run companies, who are doctors, whatever it
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is, the most excuse might be I don’t have time to write. You have blown that
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excuse out of the freaking water. Like four books, who knows how many New Yorker articles. How are you able to do
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that? Like you got you don’t just have a 9 to5. like you got a serious job that doesn’t just take a lot of time but
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demands a kind of cognitive awareness and intensity and you’re still able to
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do it. I I look back on my residency and and I wonder how I did it because it was
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um and I really think it was just as as simple as the basic principle I followed
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is if it gives me energy I want to do more of it and if it exhausts me I do less of it and the writing gave me
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energy and surgery does and some of the research stuff I did and so I just kept moving each ball a little bit forward uh
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along the way I had you know I wasn’t trying to write insane amounts I I set a goal of 30 hours a month and most of
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what I was writing was putting in 30 hours a month like you know an average of an hour a day that felt doable. When
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you say average of an hour a day, was like the median an hour or was there high variance in high variance, right? So, um you know,
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getting an initial draft down on paper would be just whatever time I could grab
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um to do some basic research. You know, I in in those days there was a lot of
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turn turnover time in the operating room. like you could wait an hour, hour and a half between cases sometimes and uh and so I could get a slug of just
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reading stuff um you know get some weekend time and put a few hours into just getting it
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down and you know those initial days was writing an 800word piece for Slate. Um
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my first piece for The New Yorker I was doing like one or two a year for the first couple years. uh and as I was
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getting to to the end of my surgical training and then I had more more control over my time and as I entered
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into practice I started reserving time for it. You know I’ I’ I’d be able to
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chunk out bigger blocks and uh and try to make that make that happen. But you
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know my first book was uh 2002 so it’s about a year before I finished the
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training and that was a collection of essays. twothirds of them had been appeared in the New Yorker. I had to
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finish out one, you know, one-third more. And when I signed the contract, I remember I I laid down on my living room
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carpet and just I had to had to just breathing heavy saying like, “What the
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hell did I just do?” Because I don’t know that I can get that chunk of those extra essays written in that time. But
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um uh but we made it. my agent talked me talked me off the ledge
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and just just pushed through. And then with writing for the New Yorker, how does it work with the New
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Yorker voice? Cuz the New Yorker voice, I can’t think of a magazine that has a more distinct voice and style, but then
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your tool, right? So, how do you think about the similarities, the differences, the reconciliation of those two things?
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Well, I you know, I always felt like I was simply using my voice and I didn’t
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feel like I was needing to I think I either just had read so much New Yorker that I had
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embedded but but you know trying to be very crisp, very clear,
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not really long sentences, be as vivid visual as I can, but also
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it’s all about the argument how I’m how you know do I have a sound
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case I’m making and a story I’m telling that illuminates that case. So um you
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know the editors definitely uh and my editor there Henry Finder who’s amazing
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um you know is definitely sort of raised me and coached me in my writing. So I’m
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sure I embied a lot of the way that that they write. What would you describe as the New Yorker uh style that is
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different from what you see elsewhere? I always think there’s going to be a flare. I don’t know why that’s the word,
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but there’s a flare. There’s a pizzazz. There’s kind of a swagger to the New York style or the New Yorker style. It’s
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uh you know, you’re talking about clear sentences aren’t too long. And a lot of times you get a kind of dryness from
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that. And I do not think of the New Yorker as being dry. I almost think of the kind of walk that like a West
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Village girl kind of like struts through New York City and the kind of energy that’s sort of embodied within within
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that while also having a sense of direction. Somehow The New Yorker has
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that with like a little touch of like the cartoonish New Yorker humor that
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goes back to the very early New Yorker covers. Well, what you’re getting at is
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um I was allowed to have a voice in a way that I wouldn’t have if I was writing for the New York Times or
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writing writing elsewhere. So, I could tell jokes in the middle of it. You know, like I always had a little gold,
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especially if it’s one I’m telling about a surgical case or a, you know, something. You know, I wrote a piece
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about the called the itch about a woman who had a uh an itch so severe uh on her
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forehead that she scratched through her skull and injured her own brain. What?
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And the whole goal was tell this Macob story, have it illuminate something about the
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brain and how it works and and sensation and what philosophically that that meant
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and make you itchy. Like that was one of my goals. I wanted to make you itchy.
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And like I I I don’t wouldn’t have had that opportunity somewhere else, right? I I’m trying to use um techniques that
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are typically associated with fiction writers in a in a reporting piece that is
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telling a story. And you you know that is that may be a kind of New Yorker
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style, right? That I’m I’m trying to tell a well-written
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story. I’m trying to grab you often around subjects that are that one’s really sensational, right? I I could be
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writing about washing hands. Like one of my one of my earliest pieces was about,
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you know, two million people who get infected in hospitals because someone doesn’t wash their hands.
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And just the the prosaic story of handwashing and the problems, you know,
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there are interesting examples because I want to get into the idea of entry
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points, right? Like that first one is something that makes your eyebrows go up
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like whoa. And then the second one makes me want to read it because it’s
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very important. It’s super simple. And then the question that I was thinking about is why don’t I wash my hands
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sometimes even though it’s obviously so proven to improve my own health outcomes
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and other people’s too. Yeah. And then you get to the behavior important, you know. Well, and if you’re in a bathroom, you
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know, at the airport, if someone is standing there, you are you are more
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than double more likely to actually wash your hands as opposed if if no one is standing there.
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That’s true for me. Also, you know what’s true for me is I’ll look at I’ll look at other people and I’ll be like, “You didn’t wash your hands? What the
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heck is wrong with you?” And I will literally not wash my hands after going to the bathroom, like 45 seconds later.
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Probably TMI, you know? Exactly. Don’t come anywhere close to me. But, you know, I think about this a
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lot cuz I don’t know why I’ll sometimes get annoyed with washing my hands, but then I’ll read the the the numbers on
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it. It’s like, what are you doing, dude? It’s such lowhanging fruit. Yeah. Yeah. Well, it it’s the problem of
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um of an action now for the sake of an invisible delayed gain later that is,
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you know, low likelihood but significant. So, you know, your likelihood you will get a cold or a flu
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when you’re traveling through the airport or when when we finish, you know, from shaking hands to with each
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other today is, you know, non insignificant. So, washing your hands a few times a day. I washed my hands 25 minutes ago.
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Oh, there you go. Cuz someone else was watching, you know.
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Okay. Tell me about the entry points. Tell me about the entry points of how you think about Okay. You have the core argument and that’s the thrust of the
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piece, I could say. And then you have the almost the framing of the piece. Is that how you think about it? Well, I mean, I keep a list of uh
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potential ideas for articles. It’s the same list that is about um
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could be about research, but also is about uh story ideas for the New Yorker or might even be book ideas.
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And um and I’ve kept that running list for for years. It’s it’s past 400. Is that like an Apple note?
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Yeah, an Apple note. And many of them sit there and don’t have any legs
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because it has the it’s either a cool story with no larger frame of meaning,
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you know, like you see lots of dramatic things. Someone died, someone had, you know, uh, a really interesting article
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that signed something, you know, the woman who had who had the itch. I I read that as a case report and that went down
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in my my notebook as that is a that’s a cool story but I didn’t have anything
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like okay why is that interesting what makes that work and when I then either
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think of or read something or that connects up with that now that goes into it and now I have it right I I need both
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I need the um the the meaningful narrative the story the meaning the
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philosophy the abstract concept um the mental model or idea um and the vehicle
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that’s the story that can make that make that move and then what then it can be
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an opening that starts with the idea you know um two million people picking up
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infections in hospitals per year back when I was writing that article I think it’s down but it’s still a lot of people
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um And uh and then I had the the vehicle
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was following along with the woman in my hospital who leads infection control and
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her whole job is trying to keep people washing their hands and she’s like I
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don’t want to be the handwashing police. Like I didn’t go to medical school to be the handwashing police. and uh and you
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know following her in her job. Purll was just coming out you know alcohol based
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hand rubs. So it was like changing her life and so there were several turns to
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the story now that made it really compelling. And the opening could be her
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it could be a confrontation. The temptation is always to start with a very dramatic
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story case um and then it becomes a very predictable story. Well, it’s funny, right? Because this is
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one role of the writers. You could say that humans have a against boring bias
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in terms of what we’re inclined to do and not to do, what we’re inclined to think about and not think about. And
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there are so many things in the world, probably in health more than anywhere,
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that are kind of boring to talk about, boring to think about, but if you actually get people to change their
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behavior, to talk about it, huge improvements to society. Yes. The thing is is we also have a bias
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not only for not boring, but also for not predictable. And if you read, you
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know, in in a book I write, every chapter opening with a, you know, he was
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in the emergency room and, you know, like, right? Um, that you’re just going to you’re
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you’re you’re going to notice the me mechanics at work. Yeah. And um and so sometimes you start with a
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surprising idea. Sometimes you start with setting a scene. And I had to learn that, you know, it took a lot a lot of
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time. My editor would talk about like um he’d literally talk about, you know,
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this uh this one is an O, meaning where
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starting is where it ends. It’s going to it’s going to it’s going to start where it ends. Yeah. And uh and you know, this one this one’s
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more like a W. We got three peaks and we’re going to work our way through and we’re going to advance from left to
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right. Um, one of the things like in surgery in an operating room, you’re
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trying to do as much as possible the same thing every time. You’re not trying
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to be creative. You’re trying to be like you’re at the free throw line and you’re trying to make every move. So, you’re
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sinking 99 out of 100. 100 out of 100. um you
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know, I’m not making I’m I don’t want to change the game. And uh and in writing,
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part of what’s attractive about it is that’s the space where I’m constantly trying to do something new every time.
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And it gets harder and harder as time goes on in some ways because
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you use up your tricks and you’ve got to figure out how I’m going to make how am I going to make this this time um
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different. Do you ever think about being a full-time writer and leaving medicine?
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Or was your calculus always, no, I can write better stories and have more
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impact if I stay in medicine, you know, if I keep the blade in my hand, so to speak? Um, I think it’s a reflection of my lack
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of confidence that I’m afraid of giving up anything else and just relying on,
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you know, what’s what the experiences I’ve had. I mean, amazing writers
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are, you know, drawing on almost no added experience outside of
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their writing. But I sort of feel like the well will dry up. What will I have to say if I’m not out there trying to do
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something in surgery and public health and research and and something that gets me out of my comfort zone trying to
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trying to challenge, learn, do do new things. The biggest lie that writers
25:07
will tell themselves is, “Ah, I’ll remember that later.” No. I mean, there’s so many times when I’m listening to a podcast, I want to save something
25:14
and I just never end up saving it cuz typing it into the phone is just too much work, you know? Well, I found a
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great solution to that problem. It’s called Podcast Magic and they’re the sponsor of this episode. So, what you
25:25
do, super easy. Say you’re listening on Apple or on Spotify. If you find a bit
25:31
in this conversation that you really like, just take a screenshot of it and then email it to
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25:42
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25:47
the information. So, if you find something in the conversation that you really like, well, check out Podcast Magic. All right, let’s get to the
25:53
interview. And then when you’re writing for the New Yorker, how do you think about integrating the
26:00
timeliness of a piece, this is in the June 2022 edition, with
26:07
the timelessness of a piece? You know, I go back and I I I would actually say the
26:13
median New Yorker piece I read is like 10 years old. You know, there’s probably the oldest of any magazine publication.
26:19
And there’s a sense with the New Yorker that the pieces will age well, but also
26:25
there’s got to be a reason for why now, right? Yeah. I mean, I think there’s really two
26:30
different kinds of pieces in the New Yorker because, you know, they have the Sai Hersh Abu Grae story and they have
26:36
the, you know, there’s they are breaking news all the time. Um, and that is not
26:43
one of my roles, right? Um, it’s rarely the case. I was doing a lot of writing around when Obamacare was happening. I’m
26:50
doing a lot of writing now around the dismantling of public health at home and abroad and the damage that’s doing. And
26:56
so that’s meant much more timeliness than I’m and deadline driven than I’m
27:01
used to. Um, for the most part I’m thinking about in my writing for whether
27:07
it’s the New Yorker or for a book or other outlets. Um, can I write something
27:13
that uh people will still want to read five or ten years from now? That’s my my holy grail is five or 10 years. Okay. Of
27:20
course, now I’m older and and then I think, okay, can it be even longer than that? Yeah. But but um uh you know the
27:28
pieces I’m writing they’ll land and then they’ll sit on them sometimes for 2 3 4
27:34
months because many of the deadline driven ones are getting first priority
27:40
for space. If I’m writing really long pieces 8 10,000word then that’s their
27:45
their quote unquote cover story. Um, and so they’ll only do one really big piece
27:52
generally um, in a magazine. And so that might wait a while. And the be the
27:58
beauty of it is picking topics that feel evergreen like the itch that we were
28:04
just talking about that um, that could that could go at any time. Yeah. The books are very different
28:10
though, right? the books. I mean, Being Mortal, that doesn’t really have an expiration date.
28:16
If I’m doing it right, it doesn’t. I hope I hope it doesn’t. Um, Being Mortal is 12 years old now. And, uh, and it’s
28:23
been, uh, it’s been amazing. It’s like putting a child out in the world and seeing it grow up and, um, and hearing
28:29
back good things about how he’s doing. Um, uh, Being Mortal was, you know,
28:35
written out of, um, often my books come from things I don’t
28:42
understand and I’m and I’m either distressed or uncomfortable about. And so, you know, by that point in my
28:48
practice, I was middle of my practice as a surgeon. I was primarily doing cancer surgery. Um, I’d reached past the stage,
28:56
you know, complications. My first book was about discomfort from being imperfect and still being on a learning
29:02
curve, doing my first operations, you know, and how do I get permission to do that? Um, making mistakes.
29:09
By the time I’m writing, being mortal, I’m comfortable with the errors I make.
29:14
I I’m confident in my ability to fix things and also that even when things go
29:20
wrong that um uh that I’m doing the best I can. M uh by contrast in a cancer practice
29:28
you’re also seeing people who you can’t fix. And I was not comfortable
29:35
that I was being competent at being able to take care of people whose problems I
29:41
could not fix. I didn’t know what it meant to be great at what I was doing. I’d had uh cases where we clearly were
29:51
um I was making people worse off and and harming their quality of life without
29:58
helping with their quantity of life. And that prompted me to start using the
30:03
chance to be a writer to say let me let me write about this dilemma. and first
30:09
started this New Yorker piece um and uh about a you know
30:15
a woman in her mid-30s who um was pregnant with her first child and diagnosed with stage four lung cancer
30:22
and then had a second cancer that I was called in to treat and navigating
30:29
a pathway where it I I just was not offering her the
30:37
support I felt felt I should know how to give. And so I interviewed lots of patients about their experiences.
30:44
Many of them pretty grim and disturbing about how they felt in the medical
30:51
machine. um and then interviewed people who were paliotative care doctors and
30:57
nurses, nursing home um workers, geriatric
31:03
specialists and learned uh you know by the end after 200 interviews a kind of
31:10
duh. People have goals in their life behi besides just living longer,
31:15
priorities that really matter to them. Uh those priorities are different from person to person.
31:22
They will change over time. And the most effective way to know what
31:27
people’s priorities are is to ask them. And we don’t ask. We ask less than a
31:33
quarter of the time. And the result of that is your care. If you don’t ask,
31:39
your care is often out out of alignment with their priorities. And the result of that is suffering. And so it was walking
31:48
through getting to write about now walking through the experience of changing the way I talked to people, the
31:54
questions I asked, how I practiced and then finding that it that when my dad
31:59
had a terminal illness, um it made a huge difference there, too.
32:06
Let’s just walk back real quick to the part of this that says I need to write
32:11
about that. There was you sort of used the word confusion, grappling with. Tell
32:16
me more about the felt sense that you have when it’s like, all right, I’m I’m really going to
32:22
commit to a book here. Well, a lot of the things that I write down in my list of things to write about
32:29
are things that that that call bring me up short. And I feel like
32:35
bring me up short, meaning that it’s either an idea that
32:40
surprises me or a problem that I don’t have a good answer to. Um, and I’d at various point written
32:49
about people coming to the end of life. I wrote about a case in my first book, Complications. I came back again and
32:55
better. And each time um my conclusion was very unsatisfactory. I
33:02
didn’t I didn’t have a way to to offer I didn’t know what my role was,
33:09
you know, with people and what I would should be offering, doing or saying to
33:15
them and understanding and and so reaching the point that I could writing
33:20
is my way of grappling with the problems that confuse me. They are often where
33:27
the science and the art and the humanity of medicine collide and um and sorting
33:35
it out is what I can do on the page. Um I’m often doing that in a journal or
33:41
other things and and then that can start to become something when I feel like I’m
33:46
seeing a way through and I can write my way through it. Yeah. Tell me about this. This is uh
33:52
something you wrote. Sure. Our ultimate goal after all is not a good death but a good life to the very
34:00
end. Really embracing that that’s from being mortal. Um really understanding what
34:07
that meant uh changed my practice. So wow. Um I would have said that the goal of
34:14
medicine was to uh to save people’s lives and help them live as
34:20
independently and abley as possible. Um, but when you can’t do that, then what is
34:27
the goal? And um, and what I came to realize is it’s understanding what
34:34
people’s priorities are besides just living longer for their life. And, uh,
34:39
and so, um, I, as an example, one, well, two things. Number one was meeting a
34:46
pali of care clinician who could walk me through here’s what I do when I’m
34:51
talking to people about their very serious illness. Um I you know they
34:58
ask some key questions. Uh what’s your understanding of where you are with your illness? What are you willing to uh what
35:06
are your hopes and what are your fears if this gets worse?
35:12
What are you willing to sacrifice? What are you not willing to sacrifice for the sake of more time and why? What’s the
35:18
minimum quality of life you’d find acceptable? And that gives you the answers people
35:23
give you. People can’t if you just say, “What are your priorities besides living longer?” People often can’t give you a
35:29
clear answer, but they can answer those questions that I just asked you. And that can tell you. So, for example, one
35:35
person I write about um said, “Uh, hm, minimal quality of life. Well, if I can
35:41
watch football on television and eat chocolate ice cream, that would be good enough for me.
35:47
Like, that’s the best living will ever. That’s the instructions you need, right?
35:53
If you can, you know, will this operation, will this medicine help me still eat chocolate ice cream and watch
35:59
football on television? Yes. Give it to me. Keep me going. No, let me go. And
36:07
then I said to my father who had a brain tumor uh that was advancing and um said
36:14
so you know this guy said chocolate ice cream and football on television. He said no way is that good enough for me
36:22
and we were off to the races. Okay, what is and then that guided us to
36:28
the things and it changed over time. you know in the beginning he was a surgeon and it was uh you know his answer his
36:36
story was I am a surgeon my priority is to keep on doing surgery and so that’s
36:43
what we prioritized and then when he couldn’t do it anymore he was lost and
36:49
didn’t know what there was to do and then he realized what he loved about surgery was connecting with people and
36:57
being able to do something good for them And even with his tumor, he ran for uh
37:03
district governor of the Rotary Club in southeastern Ohio and visited 66 clubs
37:10
in the course of a year visiting them, helping them figure out how they’re going to what what charitable work
37:16
they’re going to do and building community. Um and you know it was one thing you know what was most important
37:24
what would give him a good day what made wart life worth living evolved as his capacities declined
37:30
but he found something at each step even when he was becoming quadriplegic.
37:36
Wow. You know I love talking to surgeons cuz y’all are intense.
37:43
Like real intense. You know there this is a regular thing on your show. What? Surgeons. Yeah, house surgeons, right?
37:49
Yeah. Well, house surgeons, right? There’s Well, I was going to ask you, why aren’t there more Atul Gawandes in
37:54
the world? And then I was just like, I think the job it might just be too intense to
38:01
to make it easy for people to write. There’s lots of doctor writers actually. Really? Yeah. Um, in fact, there’s, you know,
38:09
one of my good friends is Sid Muker G, who is a s he’s a on an oncologist, not
38:14
a surgical oncologist. And uh and you know I I he wrote about cancer. He wrote
38:20
a book uh called Emperor of Malades which um won the Pulitzer. Um there my
38:27
heroes included Sherwin Nulan a surgeon who wrote How We Die in 1980. Um Oliver
38:33
Saxs of course. What I was getting at with the surgery point is that surgeons
38:40
seem to me like the professional athletes of the world of medicine in terms of the intensity, the commitment
38:46
to improvement. I I’m sure you see it all over the place, but every surgeon I’ve met has that about them.
38:53
We have a certain amount of ego. Yep. Uhhuh. We believe we are uh you know we are the
39:01
the the kings of the of the hill but uh but that’s also partly show and partly
39:08
what I’m interested in probing because the character of surgeons was a part of what drew me to the specialty. I I you
39:17
know I was I’m a public health and policy person. primary care was the
39:23
logical way to go in the 90s. I worked for Clinton in the 90s and the best surgeons I knew and got to see
39:30
were people who had uh confidence and humility. Confidence and humility
39:36
at the same time and understanding what that was. You know, you you never want a surgeon who is not a little bit afraid
39:43
and you don’t want a surgeon who’s paralyzed. Yeah. And that made them incredibly
39:50
interesting. I mean, I I was a guy, you know, my favorite New Yorker cartoon was uh the gravestone that said he kept his
39:57
options open, and that was me. And I did it as much I I went into the
40:03
field as much to shape my own ability to make decisions and and character as
40:09
anything else. Oh, wow. Yeah. What is this thing that you do around
40:14
reading drafts of books in a house where you buy dinner? um when you’re you’re at
40:20
a point that you’re you know for me it’s about threequarters of the way through or maybe even getting the first draft
40:27
when you’ve got enough of it down but you’re not totally committed
40:34
to it you’re willing to tear it up so sometimes you can get so far you don’t actually want to hear any feedback
40:40
right the clay is still a little a little wet here and instead of sending it out to everybody like give me feedback and then
40:46
you to hear from nobody. Um, it’s I’m going to buy you Chinese dinner. We’re
40:52
going to have some wine and and we’re going to talk about the book. It gives
40:58
them a deadline and time boxes it. Time boxes it and uh and then get, you
41:03
know, five, six friends who would come together uh writers um and ask them what
41:10
they think about, you know, the book. So like Being Mortal as an example,
41:15
I had that Rough Drapbook Club and I had all this history of nursing homes that I
41:20
found completely fascinating and there’s there’s a fair amount in there. um uh
41:26
and and half of a chapter I had mentioning my dad’s uh tumor and that
41:32
process sort of towards the end and the feed universal feedback came came back
41:38
that um cut the nursing home history by half give us a lot more of your dad and
41:44
I felt like it was it was per it was too indulgent telling my you know family
41:51
story and like people don’t want to hear that and let me tell you let me teach you something about you and and and of
41:56
course it’s the opposite and and and it required me being a little more vulnerable than I’ve normally been in
42:02
print um uh about family and stuff like that. So um the uh it was like it was
42:09
fantastic. It was exactly what I needed and you know it didn’t need to be line
42:15
by line. you know, help me understand where the emotional heart of a book is,
42:21
where the what’s what’s grabbing people, what’s not grabbing people.
42:26
Let’s see if this question works. How do you think about sort of the different hearts of a piece? Like you’re talking about the emotional heart. We’ve talked
42:32
about the idea heart, maybe the story heart. Like what are the the different hearts of a of a piece? Almost if you
42:38
had to think of a checklist, for lack of a better word, of things to get, what would those things be? Well, I’m in the
42:45
middle of my next book now and uh I’m about uh just got to the point I’m about twothirds of the way through and I’m
42:51
grappling with exactly this. Wait, is this before pizza night or after pizza? This is still before pizza night.
42:56
Okay, cool. Um so the book is about how minds
43:02
change. That’s the working title. It won’t be the title, but um uh and it’s about experiences in medicine and public
43:08
health with individual behavior change. And so I know the technical story I’m telling and by the end I’ve learned you
43:15
know we got the surgical checklist adopted in 75% of the operating rooms in the world within about a decade and uh
43:23
and what what our strategy was for making that happen etc. So there’s there
43:28
is an intellectual heart to the story. Um, I needed the narrative that would
43:35
make it compelling to go all the way through that. And so I needed the story arc that would work. And then the final
43:42
part that that uh I’m only just starting to feel my way towards now is where is
43:49
the emotional heart? Why why will this grip anybody? Um, and that I’m finding
43:56
is somewhere around why do we even want other people to change, right?
44:02
Why do we care, right? And what what is are we just bossy? Do
44:07
we just want the power trip, right? Like what the hell is going on with that? And and of course in this moment
44:13
in time with Trump and the administration and uh and a certain amount of change being being
44:21
forced, you know, happening by coercion. Um there’s also the conflict of uh you
44:28
know the stakes are much higher than when I first started the book four years ago. So, um the uh it’s fitting those
44:36
pieces together that makes it more that that starts to make it live and breathe
44:43
more and and get there. So, as you’re now working through that,
44:50
you’re working through those problems. What are you doing to work through them? Are you just kind of h I need button
44:56
seat. I just need to hammer away at the keyboard. Get away from me. I need the 30 hours a month. That’s how I’m going
45:01
to do it. Are you in conversation? Are you already working with an editor? You have this problem. What are you doing to
45:08
solve it and give yourself some clarity there? Yeah, I’m avoiding getting in too much conversation about it. The conversation
45:14
is mainly with myself and and my my wife who has to deal with my frustration on a daily
45:20
basis. Um the and I’m writing a lot more than 30 hours a month to get it done because I’m uh it’s due in in early 2026
45:29
and I’d taken three years in government so I couldn’t write then. But um but
45:34
it’s a math problem to me. It’s going to be somewhere around it’s a math problem. Yeah. Like it’s 90 to 100,000 words. I
45:41
broke it down means I got to average about 2,000 words a week. So, I have to get enough time to do the research and
45:46
then write and uh and I’m just trying to go start to finish as much as possible.
45:54
Um, and uh get 2,000 words down and you
45:59
know I chunk it out even into 30 minute increments. drives my wife crazy, but like, you know, I’m doing 30 minute
46:07
increments and just, you know, by 9:00 I want to have gotten two 30 minute minute
46:14
increments in. And then once I can get that I can get it going, I try to have
46:19
try to have eight of those 30 minute increments at a minimum in a day. Um,
46:25
and uh, some days, you know, there’s other stuff going on, so so I have to miss it. And it’s just it’s just math.
46:33
Just keep on going. Some things aren’t working and you’ll work it out later.
46:38
Um, and then, you know, I see problems and and inev inevitably I go back and I do some revising, but I’m trying to keep
46:45
the forward momentum going so that I’m just getting it down on paper. Research, writing, editing, those are
46:51
the three phases. Talk to me about those. Yeah. And they’re not quite as neat, you
46:57
know, like it isn’t just start with research, then write, then edit. It sounds like it’s more fused. Yeah. Yeah. There’s there’s a lot of there is
47:04
a lot of upfront research that gets it going and then as I’m going I find, oh,
47:09
I’d really love to know more about this. I have I you know, this is I did lots of research over there and that nursing
47:16
home stuff. Okay, that was interesting. More interesting than I expected, but way too much,
47:22
right? um you know, I need to do more development of this story or more interviewing with people or or I’ve hit
47:29
a wall where I have to unpack things more. But in general, that’s right. A
47:35
lot of research, getting a first draft down, and then revising, revising, revising. And and I
47:42
hated revising, but now it’s the part I look forward to. Like, I can’t wait to get this done. The the first draft
47:50
is always painful. And um uh but the revisions I know that will make it
47:56
better. What is it that you love so much about it? Um
48:02
it is less dicey. I mean by that point I I have more confidence that it’s good
48:08
time spent, right? Like I can this thing’s actually going to be out in the world.
48:13
Yeah. or that or that I’m I actually have something and with tweaking and
48:20
revising and rewriting it will be I can make it better and and it and it’ll it’ll be by that by that point I’ve
48:27
become convinced it’s worth telling the story and writing it. Yeah. Well, I want you to read this
48:32
quote from The Way We Age Now, an article in The New Yorker, and it’s a little bit long, so I’m just going to
48:39
ask people to stick with us, but I think that it gets to where I want to go, which is style and how you think about
48:45
the pragmatic conveying of information to doing it in a way that has some elegant and some some spunk.
48:53
All right. The hardest substance in the human body is the white enamel of the teeth. With
48:59
age, it wears away nonetheless, allowing the softer, darker layers underneath to
49:05
show through. Meanwhile, the blood supply to the pulp and the roots of the teeth atrophies, and the flow of saliva
49:11
diminishes. The gums tend to become inflamed and pull away from the teeth, exposing the base, making them unstable
49:18
and elongating their appearance, especially the lower ones. Experts say they can gauge a person’s age to within
49:25
5 years from the examination of a single tooth. if the person has any teeth left
49:31
to examine. I mean, there’s a few things that stand
49:37
out to me here. One thing that I see in medicine all the time is what I love about medical writing is it’s like a new
49:44
language for me cuz I don’t know the first thing about medicine, but I learn all these new words like even white
49:50
enamel the teeth. It gives me new images that I don’t usually get. But it’s a balance between the medical language and
49:57
also using language that everybody would know. That’s one thing that I was thinking about as you were reading that.
50:03
Yeah. I generally use the language we use rather than
50:08
I really dislike it when someone um when it feels like I’m reading
50:14
someone who’s talking down to me and uh and not giving me the terms that they
50:21
use like and and you know you can define them for me, you can make me understand
50:27
it. Um, and so I try as much as possible to not use the kitty words, but to use
50:34
the actual words and uh, but then use them in such a way that I don’t have to
50:40
um, that I can trust you to be able to understand it. So, as I read one of your sentences, one
50:46
of your paragraphs, how should I think about what kind of editing has been done, what kind of revision do you do,
50:53
what it is that you’re going for? Yeah. like um like with this uh the when
51:01
I’m talking about something complex, I’m trying to make the sentences shorter so
51:07
each idea is crisp and I’m not running complex
51:12
ideas together. Um now this is great because I can this is a subject I can
51:19
make very visual and that can make it easier. The white enamel of the teeth. Yeah. and the you know the blood supply
51:27
to the pulp and the roots of the teeth uh at those atrophy um the flow of
51:32
saliva diminishes. Those are those are all things that you can picture happening. And
51:39
certainly at my age now, I’m I’m 60 this week. Uh you know, I feel it happening,
51:45
right? I know what long in the tooth actually means now as the gums pull away and uh and and those kinds of sayings
51:52
come to be. And um uh and so the you know constructing it is number one, can
51:59
I make it visual? Am I conveying a new piece of information with each sentence?
52:04
And then also, does it is it nec is each sentence necessary? Does it add up to a
52:11
an accumulating picture? Can you know a lot of I I’ll bet you I started this and it was twice as long.
52:16
Oh, really? Yeah. And it had more run-on sentences and then I uh shortened it. Um, and then
52:25
sharpen the imagery. Tried to make sure I’m using action verbs. Um,
52:32
all all of that’s going into into compressing, condensing, distilling as
52:38
much as possible. And of those things, what do you think you least understood in those slate days
52:44
when you were like, ah, this this this is not my best writing? All of that. All of that.
52:50
All of that. I didn’t understand like I would use a metaphor in one sentence
52:55
that made no sense to use in the next sentence. The the teeth could say the story by themselves. I didn’t need to
53:01
say, you know, it was like a picket fence of teeth in the mouth, right? I
53:06
could People have all these metaphors for a tooth falling out. You know, it’s like gravestones with the with with a
53:13
grave with a headstone popped over. like I all of those are in are commonly used
53:19
and I and I undoubtedly threw some of those in there and then needed to pair them away um because you could see it.
53:28
How do you feel like your storytelling has evolved over the years?
53:34
Um, when I first started writing, especially for The New Yorker and Henry Finder, my
53:40
editor, I remember one of the things that we had to revise was
53:47
um he said, “Imagine you’re giving me the steady cam. You know, the the the person has a GoPro. You’re telling the
53:53
story with a GoPro attached to your head and you need to show what’s happening.
54:00
Um, and so I, you know, that first piece was about, um, uh, automation in
54:07
medicine, one a computer program that could diagnose heart attacks from an EKG, and the other a factory in Canada
54:14
that did hernia operations and uh, and so one was a person as a machine, one
54:21
was the EKG. an EKG study um had compelling data, but I wasn’t showing
54:29
you what’s an EKG look like. How do you how can you begin to see it?
54:35
And then how what’s the difference between what you see and what a doctor is seeing, a cardiologist might be
54:42
seeing in the little spikes that are there and then what’s a machine seeing
54:47
that might be different from what the cardiologist is seeing. And so, you know, I had to learn in that first piece
54:55
and it was great. I had, you know, I had a teacher who was it was like a writing writing class um walking me through
55:03
like, okay, you got to do more of this now make this, you know, that it took a ton and I and the good news is I I I do
55:11
learn and and can, you know, begin to apply that. So now, you know, my my
55:17
typical New Yorker piece is um going to need three or four revisions, but not
55:23
22, you know, before we’re done. How much do you think about your audience when you’re writing in terms of
55:32
overexlaining, underexplaining, word choice, the kind of people who you’re trying to reach and persuade books
55:39
versus the New Yorker? How conscious are you about those things? I’m very conscious because everything I’m writing
55:44
I’m thinking about who is the audience for it. It could be a scientific journal. It could be a um it could be
55:51
for the New Yorker. It could be um for the book. You know, for the most part,
55:56
I’m trying to get to readers. And that’s a that is a subset of the American
56:01
audience who is going to be willing to sit with something for a decreasing subset of the American
56:08
audience and are going to be willing to sit with it for 10,000 words. You know that that 10,000 words a long time to sit and read
56:15
that’s probably 20 30 minutes. Um maybe longer. It’s an hour or two now that I think
56:21
about it. Um and uh and then a book, you know, is going to be 80,000 words or
56:26
more. And uh and so people really have to be those people are people like my
56:33
friends, people you know I’m thinking about the people who um what they will
56:40
find compelling. Um for the most part I’m trusting however whether I would
56:45
find it compelling. It’s I’m sort of imagining it’s people like me u more than anything. And so the surprise to me
56:52
is that um that the books have done well assuming people are like me which I
56:57
don’t think I would have guessed. Do you feel like you had to get over a
57:02
certain kind of ego that leads to posturing? Because it does seem like you know if I think of a medical journal or
57:08
an economics journal oh my goodness the writing is so
57:14
it’s totally turgid. Ah turgent. Thank you. Good work. even the you know when writing for a journal
57:20
scientific journal um I’m constantly forcing my co-authors
57:26
we’re not going to use the passive voice like you know the the statistical
57:32
analysis was done like why do we why like make this worth reading and you
57:39
know getting people to be really clear like what’s the headline here what you know don’t give me we have all these 10
57:45
different results results. What’s the meaning behind it? How do we apply the me? You know, yes, we got to lay it out.
57:50
Other people may come to a different meaning behind it, but we have to give what we think the meaning. We’ve lived
57:56
with this for however many months or years we might have been trying to make sense of it and of a trial or a um a
58:04
study. And um and so every every profession gets its um uh terminology
58:15
and often that terminology becomes a way of not being able to
58:22
articulate what you’re doing. Um and and it can be, you know, it can be that
58:28
people themselves are not really understanding the the the words they’re using, right? um and and are obscuring whatever
58:36
concepts behind that. Yeah. Terminology at its best opens up these new vectors of sight. You begin to
58:42
see things, think things that you wouldn’t be able to see and think otherwise. And the world becomes more precise. You know, there’s reasons why
58:49
we say these things. Yes. If that’s the way the termin worst, it does exactly the opposite. It almost
58:55
becomes a private club of people basically saying we’re going to gatekeep people by
59:03
using these words and then they won’t understand what we’re talking about business what ROIC means. Yeah. I don’t
59:08
know what the equivalent is in medicine and yeah there’s good things and bad things about this.
59:14
Yes. Obviously AI has been a big topic of conversation
59:20
in the healthcare industry. Now that you’ve looked at that, how might you think about AI differently in terms of
59:26
the world of writing, in terms of the rate of improvement? Should we use it? Should we not use it? Like putting on your medicine hat, looking at the world
59:33
of writing, where does your mind go? Yeah. I mean, I AI and health, people waste too much time on like, you know,
59:41
your phone is going to replace your doctor. Like, you we won’t need you anymore. Who needs you? Like, that’s
59:47
just people don’t understand what what medicine is. It’s not just get a diagnosis and get a treatment. You know,
59:53
oncology and cardiology, you’re starting with the diagnosis. All the hard stuff comes from there and it’s navigating
1:00:00
different trade-offs, different goals people have, the ups and downs of outcomes, the navigating the system and
1:00:08
your own suffering and and and things like that. Um, but AI is a valuable tool
1:00:15
along the way. And in writing, I’m just using it as another tool. You know,
1:00:21
there’s a lot of research that goes into my books. Um, and I’m finding it’s shortening the amount of time it takes
1:00:28
to do research. Like there’s a whole section on the uh in my current book
1:00:34
about you know how did anesthesia spread within two months in a world in the mid
1:00:41
19th century in a world where there was no internet getting I deployed two or
1:00:47
three different models you know get me to 19th century firsthand accounts of surgeons and tell me you know what
1:00:55
they’re finding and that’s like Google on steroids it’s Google on steroids Um uh and of
1:01:00
course it’s wrong. Like I found it found great stuff but made up the quotes. Oh wow. Um but
1:01:06
quotes are always made up. Never trust AI quotes. But with my research assistant, you know, we went from three
1:01:12
months of library research to two weeks to find, you know, getting down to, oh, here are 10
1:01:19
surgical accounts from the 19th century that are actually gold. and you know not quite as neat and clean as the quotes
1:01:26
that they gave me but allowed me allowed us to work from there. Um a second thing is copy editing. I find it incredibly
1:01:33
valuable helping me you know uh find where is the fat. Um and another one was
1:01:42
I was giving a giving a a talk and my first draft was 4,000 words which was
1:01:47
way too long. it needed to be about a 15 20 minute talk which is like 2,000 words and I’d say cut this to 2,000 words and
1:01:55
I again I used three different uh uh platforms and just to see how they
1:02:01
differently cut it and then of course GPT gives me a 500 word version like no
1:02:06
no give me a 2,000word version right like sorry and it says sorry sorry sorry gives me a thousandword version like
1:02:12
that is not what I wanted I wanted 200 word 2,000 words and it never gave me a 2,000 word but I ended up with like six
1:02:17
different versions. Everyone killed my opening anecdote and
1:02:25
you know and I was like and I had to confess. I had to concede all right it’s a it was a cute story but it wasn’t
1:02:33
really working or necessary for it. And so like that was that was good guidance but getting it to draft stuff or um not
1:02:43
useful or fruitful I I found at this point. Last question. Is there a book
1:02:48
that you feel like you want to write, that you feel called to write, that maybe you think you’re going to end up
1:02:54
writing later because you need more life experience or you need more skill as a writer in order to write that?
1:03:02
I can’t say that that’s the case at this point. Like, I have topics I want to write about. I haven’t figured out how
1:03:08
to bring them alive yet. like they’re things that are uh that I think are
1:03:13
really important but um but may not be interesting as a book just are just feel like important policy to me but may may
1:03:19
not be there. Um I do think I’m you know tempted by
1:03:26
fiction or memoir. Um and uh fiction is totally intimidating. Um,
1:03:36
and also I’m not clear I haven’t felt the need for fiction like at any given
1:03:41
moment the stories that I want to tell. Um, it’s been more like you know how do
1:03:47
I chisel from the clay of what what the actual facts and story are. But I love reading a lot of fiction and I’m you
1:03:54
know I puzzle over what’s the what’s the fiction that would really matter for the time that we are. I just don’t know that
1:04:01
I would be able to write that. Yeah, that’s Thank you very much. Thank you.
1:04:06
It’s good to meet you.